Separating Claims From Counterclaims

Distinguish an author's own position from the opposing views the author presents and answers.

Strong arguments include counterclaims, the positions an author expects opponents to raise, and then respond to them. This strengthens the argument but can confuse readers who mistake a counterclaim for the author's view. Signal phrases help. Counterclaims are often introduced with 'Critics argue,' 'Some might say,' 'It is true that,' or 'Admittedly. ' The author's response usually follows with 'However,' 'But this overlooks,' or 'Even so. ' Consider an original passage: 'Some argue that homework teaches discipline, and it is true that habits matter.

But the evidence suggests that beyond a modest amount, homework adds stress without improving learning. ' The first sentence presents a counterclaim and grants part of it. The second gives the author's position. When identifying the main idea, discount the counterclaim but notice the concession: the author agrees that habits matter, which narrows the actual disagreement. Precisely locating the author's position is essential before you can evaluate the argument at all.

• 1Counterclaims are opposing views the author answers.
• 2Signal phrases mark counterclaims and responses.
• 3Concessions narrow what the author actually disputes.