Pamphlets, Printers and the Reformation

When Martin Luther posted or circulated his Ninety-five Theses in 1517, printers quickly reproduced them, and they spread across German lands within weeks. Luther wrote short, vivid pamphlets in German rather than Latin, and printers found them highly profitable, making him one of the most printed authors of his age. Woodcut images, often by artists such as Lucas Cranach, carried arguments to people who could not read.

Luther's opponents also used the press, and Catholic authorities answered with their own pamphlets and, in 1559, the Index of Prohibited Books. Historians debate how much printing caused the Reformation: some see it as essential, since earlier reformers such as Jan Hus lacked a press, while others stress preaching, politics and princely support. Either way, the episode shows a new medium enabling rapid public argument, and authorities responding with censorship.