Contrast Signals: However, Nevertheless, Whereas, Although

Recognize transition words that signal a turn or contrast in an argument.

Some small academic words act like road signs, warning you that the writer is about to turn. 'However' introduces a contrasting point: 'The plan is cheap. However, it is slow. ' 'Nevertheless' (and its partner 'nonetheless') means 'in spite of that': 'The plan is slow. Nevertheless, the council approved it. ' 'Whereas' sets two things side by side to show difference: 'Frogs have smooth, moist skin, whereas toads usually have dry, bumpy skin.

' 'Although' and 'even though' begin a clause that concedes something before the main point: 'Although the trail was steep, the hikers kept a steady pace. ' When you see a contrast signal, slow down: the most important idea is often what comes after the turn. In 'Although the study was small, its results were striking', the writer wants you to remember 'striking', not 'small'. Recognizing these signals instantly helps you track arguments and spot an author's real position.

• 1However and whereas signal contrast.
• 2Nevertheless means 'in spite of that'.
• 3The key idea often comes after the turn.