Equilibrium
10th Grade Science · 5 lessons
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Lessons in this unit
- 1Reversible ReactionsSome reactions run both ways, shown by a double arrow. Heating hydrated copper sulfate drives off water to leave the white anhydrous form; adding water reverses it and the blue returns, with heat released.Experiment
- 2Dynamic EquilibriumIn a closed system, a reversible reaction reaches equilibrium when the forward and reverse rates are equal. The concentrations stop changing but both reactions continue — this is dynamic, not static. Open the system and equilibrium is never reached.Experiment
- 3Le Chatelier's PrincipleIf a system at equilibrium is disturbed, it shifts to oppose the change. Raise the concentration of a reactant and the forward reaction is favoured; raise the temperature and the endothermic direction is favoured; raise the pressure and the side with fewer gas molecules wins.Experiment
- 4The Haber ProcessNitrogen and hydrogen combine reversibly to make ammonia, exothermically and with fewer gas molecules on the product side. The industrial compromise is about 450 °C, 200 atmospheres and an iron catalyst — not the yield-optimal conditions, but the ones that give acceptable yield fast enough.Lesson
- 5Fertilisers and Their ConsequencesAmmonia from the Haber process makes nitrogen fertilisers that feed roughly half the world's population. But run-off carries nitrates into rivers, where algae bloom, die and are decomposed by bacteria that strip oxygen from the water — eutrophication.Experiment
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